Holding Remaining Board Exams Not Feasible, Promote Students Based On Internal Marks: Manish Sisodia

While attending the education ministers' meeting called by the Union Human Resource Development (HRD) Minister, Delhi Deputy Chief Minister Manish Sisodia has asked to promote the CBSE class 10 and class 12 students without holding the pending examinations, but, based on the internal marks. Mr Sisodia, who also holds the education portfolio, said that he informed the meeting that it is not feasible now to conduct the remaining exams of CBSE class 10 and Class 12 students in view of the coronavirus spread.

The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), national level secondary education and certification body, had postponed the class 10 and class 12 examinations in March in view of preventing the spread of coronavirus outbreak in the country. Later, according to a notification released in the first week of April, the Board had decided to conduct only the important remaining papers.

"It will not be possible to conduct the remaining exams of CBSE 10th and 12th so that children should be passed on the basis of internal exams as it was done for the students of 9th and 11th," Mr Sisodia said while tweeting about the details discussed in the meeting.

He also demanded reduced syllabus for next academic year as well as for entrance examinations like JEE, NEET and other entrance examinations for higher education institutions. 

"For the next year, the entire syllabus should be reduced by at least 30% and JEE, NEET and other entrance examinations for higher education institutions should also be taken on the basis of reduced syllabus," he tweeted

Responses in regard to Mr Sisodia's suggestions are awaited from the HRD ministry and CBSE.

HRD Minister called the meeting with state education ministers to discuss issues related to COVID-19 and mid-day meal programme through video conferencing.

During the meeting, Mr Pokhriyal appealed to all the states to start the process of evaluation of answer sheets of Board exams and facilitate CBSE to evaluate answer sheets of the students in their respective States. 

Education Ministers of 22 States and secretaries from 14 States and Union Territories attended the conference. Minister of State for HRD, Sanjay Dhotre, Secretary, Department of School Education and Literacy Anita Karwal and senior officials of the Ministry participated in the meeting

While addressing the meeting, the Union Minister said that the current situation of COVID-19 is unfortunate, but it is time to act wisely and turn the situation into opportunity by doing new experiments to ensure safety and academic welfare of students. 

Mr Pokhriyal said that our whole efforts should be that our 33 crore students do not face any difficulty and can continue their education and for this, various efforts are being made to strengthen the online education platforms. 

The Minister also said that apart from this, alternative academic calendar has also been released by NCERT which states can adopt according to their local situation. "Also we have to prepare safety guidelines in case of opening of schools".

Considering the health of the students, Union Minister said that in the event of lockdown, ration is being provided under mid-day meal for the children to get adequate and nutritious food.

USEFUL TIPS TO FIGHT PROCRASTINATION: NOW OR NEVER

USEFUL TIPS TO FIGHT PROCRASTINATION : NOW OR NEVER

What is procrastination? – Procrastination can hit anyone anytime! For those who aren’t well versed with what procrastination means, let us try to get it straight. Procrastination is the action of delaying or postponing something often because it is boring or you’re being too lazy. Now students might procrastinate while preparing for entrance exams but doing so will only take them away from their target. So, students need to follow these simple yet effective tips to beat procrastination.

How to beat procrastination

here avail the effective tips to overcome procrastination. Student needs to follow these Sample tips.

1. Make a commitment: Students generally overburden themselves with too many things at once which results in procrastination. Rather pick just one thing and stick to it until you complete it. Follow the same rule while completing a topic. Set a schedule and follow it religiously. You need to make a commitment to yourself and accomplish the task within the stipulated time. Establish specific deadlines for the completion of tasks. Delaying or postponing things will only make things worse!
2. Focus is the key: Do not focus on short-term gains. Keep reminding yourself of the long-term results. Repeat your aim daily as to why you had wanted to prepare for the exam. Visualising the end result will help you focus on your target. Analyse the factors that lead to procrastination and work on those particular sections for improvement. If you aren’t able to focus properly, then I recommend you to start meditating. Meditation has/can work wonders & will surely help you focus on studies in a more efficient manner. Get rid of distractions and by this we mean get rid of social media and those addictive gaming apps which will lose your focus.
3. Reward yourself: Before beginning any task all you need to do is, set a reward that you’ll give yourself. According to a research the human brain responds to reward stimulus! Find yourself an accountability partner, someone to whom you can report post the completion of a task. If you are fond of reading you may get yourself a book that you’d longed to read or if you love food then you should probably find yourself at a fancy restaurant once you have achieved your set target.
4. Make the task interesting: Boredom can often lead to procrastination. So, try relating the concepts to practical situations. This way not only the syllabus will seem easy, but the topics will also become even more interesting to grasp. 
5. Divide your task: If any chapter  seems to be too long then divide it into topics. Chunking big tasks into small sections will ease your task. Start taking actions on these little chunks. Use the golden 5-minute rule, i.e. whenever you face any complex task then just ask yourself about what can be done in a mere 5 minutes to bring your closer to your target. And you’re done. For a better understanding begin with topics that are important and difficult. Later, keep revising those portions until you become become pro in the subject.

Hope the above tips help you beat procrastination. Do let me know your views in the comment section below.

The Fermi Paradox - Where Are All The Aliens ? ( Part 1)

The Fermi Paradox - Where Are All The Aliens ? ( Part 1)

Are we the only living things in the entire unIverse? The obeservable universe is about 90 billion light years in diameter. There are at least 100 billion galaxies, each with one hundred to one thousand billion stars. Recently we have learned that planets are very common too. And, there are probably trillions and trillions of habitable planets in the universe. Which means, there should be lots of opportunity for life to develop and exist, right? But where is it? Shouldn't the universe be teaming with spaceships? Let's take a step back. 

    Even if there are alien civilizations in another galaxies, There's is no way we'll ever know about them. Basically, everything outside of our galactic neighbourhood, the so called "Local Group", is preety much out of our reach forever, because of the expansion of the expansion of the universe. If we had really fast spaceships, it would literally take billions of years to reach these places, travelling through the emptiest areas in the universe. So, let's focus on the milkyway.

The milkyway is our home galaxy. It consists of upto 400 billion stars. That's a lot of stars. There are about twenty billion sunlike stars in the Milky Way, and estimates suggest that a fifth of them, have a earth like planet in it's habitable zone, the area with conditions that enable life to exist.

If only 0.1 % of those planets harbored life, there would be one million planets with life in tge milky way. But wait, there is more. The Milky Way is about thirteen billion years old. In the beginning, it would not have been good place for life,  because things exploded a lot. But after one to two billion years, the first habitable planet was born. Earth is only four billion years old so there have probably been trillions of chances for life to develop on other planets in the past.  If only a single of them had developed into a space travelling super civilization, we would have noticed by now. What would such a civilization look like? 

There are three categories.

• A type one civilization would be able to access the whole energy on available on it's planet. 
  

In case you are wondering, we are currently around 0.73 on the scale, and we should reach type 1 sometime in the next couple of hundred years.

• Type two would be a civilization capable of harnessing all of the energy of it's host star. This would require some serious science fiction, but it is doable in principle. Concepts like the Dyson Sphere, a giant complex surrounding the sun, would be conceivable.
  
   
• Type three is a civilization that basically controls it's whole galaxy and its energy. An alien race this advanced would be godlike to us.

But why should we be able to see such an alien civilization in the first place? 

If we were to build generation spaceships that could sustain a population for around one-thousand years, we could colonize the whole galaxy in two million years. Sound like a long time, but remember, the milky way is huge. So, if it takes a couple of million years to colonize the entire galaxy, and there are possibly millions, if not billions of planets that sustain life in the Milky Way, an these are the life forms have had considerably  more time than we've had then where are all the aliens? This, is the Fermi Paradox, and nobody has an answer to it. But we do have some ideas. Let's talk about filters. A filter in this context represents a barrier that is really hard for life to overcome. They come in various degrees of scary. 

• One : There are Great Filters and we have passed them. Maybe it is way harder for conplex life to develop then we think. The process, allowing life to begin, hasn't ye been conpletely figured out, and the conditions required may be really complicated. Maybe in the past, the Universe way more hostile, and only recently things have cooled down to make complex life possible. This would also mean that we may be unique, or at least one if the first, if not the first civilization in the entire Universe. 
• Two : There are Great Filters and they are ahead of us. This one, would be really really bad. Maybe life on our level exists everywhere in the universe but it gets destroyed when it reaches a certain point, a point that lies ahead of us. For example, awesome future technology exists, but when activated, it destroys the planet. The last words of every advanced civilization would be: "This new device would solve all our peoblems, once I push this button!" . If this is true, then we are closer to tge end then tge beginning of human existence. Or, maybe there is an ancient type three civilization, that monitors the universe, and once a civilization is advanced enough, it gets eliminated, in an instant. Maybe there is something out there, that it would be better not to discover. There is no way for us to know. 

One final thought: maybe we are alone. Right now, we have no evidence that there is any life besides us. Nothing. The universe appears to be empty and dead. No one sending us messages, no one answering our calls. We may be completely alone, trapped on a tiny moist mud in an eternal universe.

Does that thought scare you? If it does, you are having the correct emotional reaction. 

If we let life on this planet die, perhaps there would be no life left in the universe. Life would be gone, maybe forever. If this is the case, we just have to venture to the stars and become the first Type Three civilization, To keep the delicate flame of life existing, and to spread until the universe breathe its last breath, and vanishes into oblivion. 

The universe is too beautiful to be not experienced by someone. 

In next part we will look at possible solutions to the Fermi Paradox.  will we be destroyed or does a glorious future awaits us? 

Thank you for reading. I will be happy to read your views on this post. 

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Top 9 Preparation Tips For KVPY : How To Prepare For KVPY

KVPY Preparation Tips:

1. Align your JEE/AIPMT Preparation with KVPY

If you are a JEE or AIPMT aspirant, the good news is that KVPY syllabus is the same. You can simultaneously prepare for your college entrance as well as KVPY exams. Refer to the study materials of your JEE coaching center. Questions in KVPY are of JEE Advanced level. Hence, focus on fundamentals and core concepts; you will need to apply them in questions. In fact, preparing for KVPY will speed up your preparation for competitive exams too.

2. Schedule your Preparation Subject-wise

Strong problem-solving skills and concept clarity are needed to crack KVPY. It is imperative that you concentrate on each subject and prepare a time table around it.

• Physics: This section is usually tough in KVPY. Lots of questions are asked from Optics and Resistor Series. Even in SA which is KVPY for class 11, few questions are asked from class 12 syllabus such as Lens Maker’s Formula and Kirchhoff’s rules. If physics is your strong point, you will have an advantage over others.
• Chemistry: It is easier when compared to physics. Revise simple reactions from standard 10. Most of the questions are reaction or property based, very few questions will be asked from numericals. You’re expected to have a thorough knowledge of chemical bonding, organic and physical chemistry. NCERT is not sufficient for physical part.
• Mathematics: KVPY math is of moderate to tough difficulty level. You must prepare very well for it. Substitution and trial and error also works for this subject but might take up a lot of your time.
• Biology: Bio is considered the easiest section in KVPY. You must know the basic biology of class 9 and 10 for SA. Moreover, it is very scoring and students can easily qualify this section.

3. Solve KVPY Previous Year Papers

To get a fare idea of the kind of questions you can expect in your exam, it is always advisable to solve lots of KVPY previous year papers. They give you an insight into the actual KVPY exam and help you analyse its difficulty level. Time yourself sincerely and start solving at least one paper a week.

4. Refer the Right Books for KVPY

NCERT for physics, chemistry and math/biology is a must for cracking the KVPY exam. Other than that, you can use the following reference books:

• Physics: HC Verma or DC Pandey
• Chemistry: Primarily NCERT . OP Tandon for those topics you are unable to understand from NCERT
• Mathematics: RD Sharma
• Biology: NEET Guide by MTG

5. It is important that you have sufficient practice before the actual exam. Solve previous years papers to practice the type of questions you can expect in the KVPY examination. Check the paper pattern and marking scheme to prepare well for the exam

6. Maintain a Notebook for Important Formula

Make notes during preparation phase. Maintain a notebook for all the important formulas, theorems, proofs and equations while studying. Keep revising from it every day. This will be particularly helpful during revision. You will have all the important material in place and you won’t have to hunt for anything at the last moment in those 20 kgs of books.

7. The KVPY exam has enough time to solve fewer questions. Maintain accuracy and avoid negative marking
8. Since the KVPY exam will be conducted in computer-based mode, it's recommended to practice online mock tests of KVPY. Find your weak links and silly mistakes and work on them. The goal is to improve with each test.
9. Preparing for KVPY Interview

It is hard to predict the kind of questions they will ask in KVPY interviews. The best way to prepare for it is to increase your general scientific knowledge – view online lectures and videos, attend science fairs and camps. Read previous qualifiers’ interview experiences and blogs. This is as close as you can get during the interview preparation phase.

PS: The trick to crack the interview is what you write in a form they ask you to fill before the interview. Write only about things which are your strong points. And keep yourself as specific to these topics as possible in the interview.

ELECTROMAGNETISM FOR JEE MAINS AND ADVANCED

ELECTROMAGNETISM FOR

 JEE MAINS AND ADVANCED 

Electromagnetism forms the major part of the class 12th syllabus and is one of the highly weighted sections for JEE Physics. This entire module requires a lot of practice, intuition and problem solving skills. The mechanics portion learnt in class 11th acts as tool to solve the problems of electromagnetism (Yes! You are going to need it!  Quite a lot from sections: energy conservation, momentum conservation and Newton’s laws of motion).
Let’s go chapter wise to make things simpler:

• Electrostatics: Electrostatics begins with Coulomb’s law, principle of superposition and then goes on to the concept of electric field, electrostatic potential and other ideas that form the basis of electromagnetism. These are the fundamental concepts and the students are advised to get a thorough understanding of these topics. Sufficient practice is required for all of these topics. In JEE, simple questions are asked from this topic which can be cracked easily, if one has refined concepts. An important portion of electrostatics is the concept of “conductors in electrostatics”. Most questions in electrostatics are based on the properties of conductors under electrostatic condition. So, it is recommended that students should practice ample of questions from this topic. Another extremely important idea is the idea of electrostatic flux and Gauss’s law. Both of these ideas are highly important and if one can correlate them with other topics, they can be very useful to solve completely unrelated problems. Usually, there is always a question in JEE which ultimately involves calculation of flux of a charge through some or the other surface.

• Capacitors: This chapter is another simple but important part of JEE syllabus. It is basically the application part of electrostatics. Those who have covered electrostatics well would find this chapter a cakewalk. Some new concepts taught in this chapter are very interesting and easy to understand. This chapter is important from the point of view of Olympiads as well. The idea of dielectrics is also introduced with this chapter and a number of questions are asked in JEE which require you to calculate energy stored in capacitor / electric field by capacitor, etc. – all involving concept of dielectrics. In fact, an entire question in INPhO 2013 was based on a capacitor with a dielectric whose dielectric constant varied as a function of position.

• Current electricity: Ohm’s law and Kirchoff’s law form the key framework of this chapter. It’s one of the easiest chapters in JEE syllabus and it takes only a little effort to master it. However, the chapter has fairly good weightage in JEE and so it is recommended that students practice a large number of questions from this chapter so as to avoid silly mistakes in the exam. RC circuits are very important from the point of JEE. One should keep the “mechanical analogy” in mind while solving the problems of RC circuits. Sometimes, a tough RC circuit problem can be solved within a minute if one is able to figure the appropriate mechanical analogy. Another important concept is “heating effect of electric current”. This concept combined with the ideas of thermodynamics may be used to form some of the best mind bending questions.

• Magnetism: This chapter involves numerous applications of the mechanics portion learnt in class 11th. Good questions are framed under the concept of a particle in an electric as well as magnetic field. And one should be thorough with various concepts of mechanics to be able to solve the problems, particularly, basic kinematics, work energy theorem (+ the idea that magnetic field doesn’t do any work), law of conservation of linear momentum, etc. Most questions are asked from calculation of magnetic field in various cases. Another important “centre” of questions is – Magnetic moment. It has been observed that there are a few questions in JEE from magnetic moment, every year. So, it is recommended that students practice enough questions involving calculation of magnetic moment and related applications like – basic idea of magnetic materials and the explanation using the concept of magnetic moment. A loop in a uniform magnetic field is also an important topic of discussion. Several questions are asked from this. Some good problems are also derived from the concept of “moving coil galvanometer”. So, boot yourselves up and get ready to see a few new questions in JEE from magnetism as well. 

To conclude, Electromagnetism forms a big portion of JEE syllabus and if practiced properly, it may help you change your rank completely. But, at the same time, Electromagnetism needs a lot of practice and patience to master. Initially, one may find it boring/ difficult to understand for whatever reasons, but it becomes very easy (and fun too!) if ample no. of questions are practiced from the prescribed textbooks/ study material.
Recommended books: DC Pandey, HC Verma, NCERT, Resnick Halliday

You can buy the books at a good price here. You can buy using these links provided.

Also see: Best books for IIT JEE AND OLYMPIADS,  Organic Chemistry, Mechanics

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Weak at maths ? Here is What you should do

Weak at maths ? Here is what you should do

Firstly identify where are you going wrong

Are you forgetting formulae in exam ?

• Make a sheet enlisting all important formulae.

Are you making silly mistakes in the questions you already know ??

• Make sure to learn from the silly mistake and ensure that you do not repeat it.

Are you not able to solve certain types of questions ?

• Make sure to do ample of questions of that type.

Are you not able to solve problems of a particular chapter ?

• Make sure you saturate yourself with all possible problems of that chapter from all available standard textbooks.

Are you not able to solve questions fast ?

• Make sure you do regular revision and practice questions with a clock beside you to time yourself.

I hope that will help you
The idea is to analyse every paper you solve. Analyse your mistakes. Think of questions like

1. Where did I go wrong ?
2. Did I make silly mistake ?
3. Is there a particular chapter whose questions you weren't able to do ?

These questions will surely help you find the issue and you are sure to do better.

All the best for your exam :)

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BLACK HOLES EXPLAINED - FROM BIRTH TO DEATH

BLACK HOLES EXPLAINED - FROM BIRTH TO DEATH 

Black holes are one of the strangest things in existence. They don't seem to make any sense at all. Where do they come from and what happens if you fall into one ?

Stars are incredibly massive collections of mostly Hydrogen atoms that collasped from enormous gas clouds under their own gravity. In their core, nucleur fusion crushes Hydrogen into helium releasing a tremendous amount of energy. This energy, in the form of radiation, pushes against gravity, maintaining a delicate balance between the two forces. As long as there is fusion in the core, the stars remain stable enough. But for stars with way more mass than our own sun , the heat and pressure at the core allow them to fuse heavier elements until they reach iron. Unlike all the elements that went before, the fusion process that creates iron doesnot generate any energy. 

Iron builds up at the centre of the star until it reaches a critical amount and the balance between radiation and gravity is suddenly broken. The core collapses. Within a fraction of second, the star explodes. Moving at about the quater of the speed of light, feeding more mass into the core.  It's at this very moment that all the heavy elements in the universe are created, as the star dies, in a supernova explosion. This produces either a neutron star, or if the star is massive enough, the entire mass of core collapses into a black hole. If you looked at a black hole, what you'd really be seeing is the even horizon.

Anything that crosses the event horizon needs to be travelling faster than speed of light to escape. In other words, it's impossible. So we just see a black sphere reflecting nothing but if the event horizon is the black part, What is the "hole" part of the black hole ? The Singularity. We are not actually sure what it is exactly. A singularity may be infinitely dense, meanimg all it's mass is concentrated into a singke point in space, with no surface or volume, or something completely different. Right now, we just don't know. It's like a "dividing by 0" error. By the way, black holes donot such things up like a vaccum cleaner, If we were to swap the sun for an equally massive black hole, nothing much would change for earth, except that we would freeze to death, of course. 

What would happen to you if you fell into a black hole ? 

The experience of time is different around black holes, from the outside, you seem to slow down as you approach the event horizon, so time passes slower for you. At some point, you would appear to freeze in time, slowly turn read, and disappear. While from your prospective, you can watch the rest of the universe in fast forward, kind of like seeing into the future. Right now, we don't knkw what happens next, but it could be one of the two things:

• One, you die a quick death. A black hole curves your space so much, that once yoh cross the even horizon, there is only one possible direction. It's like being in a really tight alley that closes behind you after each step. The mass of the black hole is some much that at some time even tiny distance of a few centimetres, would mean that gravity acts with millions of times more force on different parts of your body. Your cells gets torn apart, as your body stretches more and more, until you are a hot stream of plasma, one atom wide. 
• Two, you die a very quick death. Very soon after you cross the event horizon, You would hit a firewall and be terminated in an instant. 

           Neither of this options are particularly pleasant. How soon you die depends on the mass of the black hole. A smaller black hole would kill you even before you hit the event horizon, while you probably could travel inside a super massive black hole for quite a while. As a rule of thumb, the further away from the singularity you are, the longer you live.

   Black holes comes in different sizes. There are steller mass black holes, with a few times the mass of the sun, and tge diameter of an asteroid. And then there are the super massive black holes, which are found at the heart of every galaxy, an have been feeding for billions of years. Currently, the largest super massive black hole known, is 

S5 0014+81. 40 billion times the mass of our sun. It is 236.7 billion kilimeters in diameter, which is 47 times the distance from sun to pluto. As powerful as black holes are, they will eventually evaporate through a process called Hawking radiation. To understand how this works, we have to look at the empty space. Empty space is not really empty but filled with virtual particles popping into existence and annihilating each other again. When this happens right on the edge of black hole, one of the particles woukd be drawn into the black and other will escape and become real particle.

So the black hole is losing energy. This happens incredibly slowly at first, and gets faster as the black hole becomes smaller. When it arriaves at the mass of a large asteroid, It's radiating at room temperature. When it has the mass of a mountain, it radiates with about the heat of our sun. And in the last second of it's life, the black hole radiates away with the energy of billions of nucleur bomb in a huge explosion. But this process is incredibly. The black holes we know, might take up a googol year to evaporate. This is so long that when the last black holes radiates away, nobody will be around to witness it. The universe will have become uninhavitable, long before then. This is not the end of our story, there are loads more interesting ideas about the black holes, we will explore them in part 2. 

Please tell me in the comment section if you enjoyed reading about it and you are really eager for part 2.  

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Why alien life would be our Doom ? The Great Filter

Why alien life would be our Doom ? The Great Filter

Imagine NASA announced today that they found aliens. Bacteria on mars, weird alien fish in the ocean of Europa and also ancient alien ruins on Titan. Wouldn't that be great ? Well no, that would be horrible new, devastating even. It could mean that the end of humanity is almost certain and it might be coming soon. Why ? Why would the most exciting discovery of our lifetime be bad ?

Imagine the development of life from its inception to us today as a flight of stairs.

•  The first step is dead chemistry that needs to assemble itself into self replicating patterns, stable and resilient, but also to change and evolve.
•  The second step is for our early life to become more complex and able to build more complicated structures and use the available energy much more efficiently.
• On the next step, These cells combine to become the multicellular being, enablong unbelievable variety and further complexity.
• The step above sees the species evolve big brains, enabling the use of tools, culture and shared knowledge, which creates even higher complexity.
• The species can now become the dominant lifeform on it's planet and change it according to it's needs. First shy attempts to leave it's planet are now happening. This is where we are now. 

   It's the nature of life to reach out and cover every niche it can. And since planet have a limited capacity and lifespan, if a species want to survice it would look for more ppaces to spread to. So the steps above the current one seems logical. Colonize your entire solar system then spread further to reach other stars to the final step : becoming a galaxy - wide civilization.

It's very likely that this is a universal principal for civilizations, no matter where they are from.
If a species is competative and driven enough to take control over it's civilisation, they would probably not stop there.
       We know that there are upto 500 billion planets in the milky way. At least 10 billion earth - like planets. Many have been around billions of years longer than the earth. But we are observing zero - galactic civilisation. But we should be able to see something but there is nothing. Space seems to be empty and dead. This means something is preventing the living things from climbing the staircase, beyong the step we are right now. Something that makes becoming a galactic civilisation extremely hard, maybe impossible. This is the Great Filter. A challenge or danger so hard to overcome that it eliminates every species that encounters it.
   There are two scenerios:

• One means that we are incredibly special and lucky
• The other means that we are doomed and practically already dead.

It depends upon where the filter is on our staircase : behind, or ahead of us ? 

• Scenario 1 : The filter is behind us.we are the first. If the filter is behind us this means that one of the steps we passed is almost impossible to take. Which step It could be ? Is life itself extremely rare ? It's very hard to make predictions about how likely it is for life to emerge from dead things. There is no concensus. Some scientists thinks that it develops everywhere where the condition are right; others think that the earth might be the only living place in the universe. Another candidate is the step of complex animal cell. A very specific thing happened on this step and as far as we know, It happened exactly once. A primitive hunter cell swallowed another cell, but instead of devouring it, the two cells formed a union. The bigger cell provided shelter, took care of interacting with the environment and providing resources, while the smaller one used it's new home and free stuff to focus on providing a lot of extra energy for it's host. With the abundant energy, the host cell could grow more than before and build new and expensive things to improve itself, while the guest became the powerhouse of the cell.
  
  These cells make up every animal on this planet. Maybe there are billions of bacteria - covered planets in the  Milky Way, but not a single one apart from us has achieved our level of complexity or intelligence. We humans feel very smart and sophisticated with our crossword puzzles and romantic novels. But a big brain is first and formost, a very expensive evolutionary investment. They are fragile, They don't help in a fistfight with a bear, they cost enormous amounts of energy, and despite them, it took modern humans, 200,000 years to get from sharp sticks to civilization. Being smart doesn't mean that you get to win automatically. Maybe intelligence is not just so great, and we're lucky that it worked out for us. 

• Scenario 2 : The filter is ahead of us. Plenty of others died already. A Great Filter ahead of us is orders of magnitude more dangerous than anything we have encountered so far. Even if a major disaster killed most of us or threw us back a thousand years, we would survive and recover. And if we can recover, even if it takes a million years, then it's not a Great Filter, but just a roadblock to an eventual galactic civilization. On universal timescales, even millions of years are just the blink of an eye. If a Great Filter really lies before us, it has to be so dangerous, so purely devastating and powerful, that it has destroyed most, if not all advanced civilizations in our galaxy over billions of years. A really daunting and depressing hypothesis is that once a species takes control over it's planet, it's already on the path to self - destruction. Technology is a good way to achieve that. It needs to be something that's so obvious, that virtually everybody discovers it, and so dangerous, that it's discovery leads to almost universally to an existential disaster.
  
  A large scale nuclear war, nanotechnology taht gets out of control, genetic engineering of the perfect superbug, an experiment that lights the whole atmosphere on fire. It might be a super - intelligent AI that accidentally ( or purposly ) destroys it's creators. Or things that we can't even see coming right now. Or it's way simpler : species competative enough to take over their planet necessarily destro it while competing each other for resources. Maybe there are runaway chain reactions in every ecosystem that once set in motion, are not fixable. And so when a civilization is powerful enough to change the conposition of it's atmosphere, they make their planet uninhabitable 100 % of the time. Let's hope that that's not the case. If the the filter is ahead of us, our odds are really bad.

What we can hope for ?

 This is why finding life beyond Earth would be horrible. The more common life is in th euniverse, and the more Advanced and complex it is, the more it becomes that a filter is ahead of us. Bacteria would be bad, small animals would be worse, intelligent life would be alarming. Ruins of ancient alient civilizations would be horrible. The best case scenario for us right now is that Mars is sterile, that Europa's oceans are devoid of life, and the vast arms of the milkyway harbor only empty oceans hugging dead continents. That there are billions of empty planets waiting to be discovered and to be filled up with life. Billions of new homes waiting for us to finally arrive. 

How likely it it that we will find life outside of Earth that is similar to us ? 

Well, that depends on how many planets are out there in their star's Goldilocks Zone - the area around the star where water can be liquid.

       Because stars come in all sizes and configurations, this zone is different for every star system and requires a little bit of physics to figure out. 

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And If  you do find life on other planets, It may be wise to leave them alone for a while.

How to get into IIT without clearing JEE ?

How to Get Admission in IITs Without Clearing JEE 

IITs are the autonomous Engineering and Management institutes, which are among the top Institutes of India and admission to these Institutes is one of the most difficult tasks for every student.

Getting admitted to IITs is every student’s dream. But, for admission in IITs, one must clear an entrance exam.

What if you could not get into IIT through JEE?

Still, Can we get into IIT Without JEE ?

Well, there are many other ways to get into IITs for other courses like M.Sc., M.Tech., MA in Humanities, PhD etc.

In this article, candidates get to know which are the best entrance exams for admission in IITs.

Below is the list of entrance exams through which a candidate can study at IITs without clearing JEE:

So, let’s go through the details for each of the entrance exam conducted by the Indian Institute of Technology 

 

IIT JAM (Joint Admission test for Masters) – Admission in IITs without JEE

There are many brilliant students who apply for JEE Advanced exam. Sometimes due to lack of guidance & preparation, candidates miss the opportunity to get admission in IITs.

If you are a B.Sc. student & you want one more chance to get into IITs without taking JEE…

IIT JAM can slake your thirst.

JAM Exam is conducted for admission in IIT Bombay, IIT Delhi, IIT Guwahati, IIT Kanpur, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Madras and IIT Roorkee and other IITs to pursue MSc (Four Semesters), Joint MSc-PhD, MSc-MTech, MSc-PhD Dual Degree and other courses.

IIT JAM is conducted in six subjects:

 Physics

 Chemistry

 Mathematics

 Mathematical Statistics

 Biotechnology

 Geology

Candidates can appear in the exam for maximum two subjects. But both the subjects must not conflict in the same exam session.

IIT JAM Exam is conducted every year in the month of February.

Who is Eligible for IIT JAM Exam?

Below are the common eligibility criteria for the candidates who want to appear for IIT JAM Exam:

 Candidates must have a Bachelor’s degree from any stream of any recognized university.

 Both Indian & Foreign candidates are eligible.

 There is no age limit for IIT-JAM exam.

 Candidates appearing for their final year exams are also eligible.

 Candidates must have minimum 55% marks for General & OBC and 50% marks for SC, ST categories.

 At the time of admission, all admitted candidates will have to submit a physical fitness certificate from a registered medical practitioner in the prescribed form.

 At the time of admission, the admitted candidates may also have to undergo a physical fitness test by a medical board constituted by the Admitting Institute. In case a candidate is found physically unfit to pursue his/her chosen course of study, his/her admission is liable to be cancelled.

GATE (Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering) – Admission in IITs without JEE

If you pursued your B.tech from a private college & still you crave to get better opportunities in the technical field.

M.Tech. is the course for you.

What about getting admission in IITs for M.Tech.?

Sounds like a good plan.

GATE is an all India examination conducted for admission in IITs & other M.Tech colleges to pursue post-graduate programs (M.E., M.Tech, direct PhD).

GATE is conducted jointly by the Indian Institute of Science and seven IITs (IIT Bombay, IIT Delhi, IIT Guwahati, IIT Kanpur, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Madras and IIT Roorkee).

GATE Exam is conducted every year in the month of February.

Who is Eligible for GATE Exam?

 There is no age limit for GATE exam.

 Candidates with Bachelor’s degree are eligible for GATE exam.

 Candidates appearing for their final year exams are also eligible, but should submit the certificate(with signature) from the Principal of University or College.

 Candidates with Diploma are not eligible for GATE exam.

 Candidates who have passed the qualifying examination, must submit their certificate or degree certificate or provisional certificate. 

 

 UCEED (Undergraduate Common Entrance Examination for Design) – Admission in IITs without JEE

How do I take admission in IIT without cracking JEE?

Not only engineering, but design courses are also offered by IITs.

So, candidates who want to get admission in IITs without clearing JEE and want to pursue undergraduate design courses can appear in UCEED exam.

UCEED is another entrance exam for admission in IITs without JEE. It is conducted by IIT Bombay for candidates, who want to pursue their B. Des.

The last, Undergraduate Common Entrance Examination for Design was conducted on 18th January 2020.

Who is Eligible for UCEED Exam?

Below is the eligibility criteria that a candidate must satisfy to appear in UCEED Examination:

 Nationality:

Both Indian as well as Foreign candidates can appear in UCEED Exam.

 Age Limit:

For General & OBC categories, candidates should have born on or after October 1, 1997.

For SC, ST and PwD categories, candidates should have born on or after October 1, 1992.

 Educational Qualification:

Candidates who have passed/appearing in their class XII or equivalent examination in 2019 are eligible for UCEED Exam.

 Number of attempts: Candidates can give UCEED Exam for maximum of two times and in consecutive years.

 

CEED (Common Entrance Exam for Design) – Admission in IITs without JEE

Not everyone wants to run in the rat-race of engineers. If you are one of those creative & artistic students, who wants to take up designing courses, CEED can be a great option for you.

This M. Des entrance exam is one of the most reputed exam other than JEE exam for IIT admission.

CEED is an entrance exam for admission in IITs and IISc Bangalore to pursue Master of Design (M. Des) Programmes. The objective of CEED Exam is to test the candidates’ aptitude for design involving visual perception ability, drawing skills, logical reasoning, and creativity & communication skills.

CEED 2020 was conducted by IIT Bombay on 18th January 2020.

Who is Eligible for CEED Exam?

Below are the eligibility criteria for the candidates who want to appear in CEED Entrance exam:

 Candidate must have a Bachelor's degree in Engineering/Architecture/Design/Interior Design or equivalent.

 Candidate must have a professional Diploma in Design.

 BFA (4-year professional programme, after 10+2).

 GD Art (5-year programme after 10th) with one-year post qualification professional experience.

 Master's degree in Arts/ Science/ Computer Applications (2-year programme after 10+2+3).

 Candidates must note that, if any of them is having a three-year Bachelor’s degree, he/she will not be considered eligible for CEED Entrance exam for PhD and M. Des.

 

HSEE (Humanities and Social Sciences Entrance Exam) – Admission in IITs without JEE

HSEE is an entrance examination for IITs which is conducted for the candidates, who want to pursue five-year Integrated Master of Arts (M.A.) Programmes.

HSEE is for admission into the two following courses:

 Integrated M.A. in Development Studies

 Integrated M.A. in English Studies

This year, HSEE Examination will be conducted on 19th April 2020.

Who is Eligible for HSEE Exam?

Below are the eligibility criteria for Humanities and Social Sciences Entrance Exam Aka HSEE:

 Candidates under the age of 25 are eligible to give IIT HSEE exam.

 There is an age relaxation of 5 years for SC/ST/PwD.

 Candidates who have passed their 12th class are eligible for IIT HSEE exam.

 Candidates must have scored 60% marks in aggregate in their qualifying examination.

 For SC/ST/PwD categories, 55% marks is minimum in their qualifying examination.

 Candidates appearing in their final year exams of the qualifying exam are also eligible for IIT HSEE.

 Every qualified candidate will have to submit a Physical Fitness certificate from a registered medical practitioner in the prescribed format that will be made available along with the letter of offer for admission.

 

CAT (Common Admission Test)- Admission in IITs without JEE

Can one get into an IIT without taking the JEE (Advanced)?

Yes!

To be an IITian without clearing JEE, candidates must appear in the CAT Exam.

Not only engineering, but candidates can also pursue management courses at IITs by appearing in CAT Exam.

CAT is a national-level entrance exam conducted by Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) for admission to post-graduate management courses.

CAT is another entrance exam for admission in IITs without JEE.

IITs, IISc and other top management institutes accept CAT scorecard to admit candidates for the management programmes.

Who is Eligible for CAT Exam?

Below are the eligibility criteria that a candidate must satisfy, to appear in the CAT Examination:

 Candidates must have a Bachelor’s degree with minimum of 50% marks for General and OBC categories and 45% marks for SC, ST & PwD.

 Candidates appearing in their final year of bachelor’s degree/equivalent qualification can also apply for CAT Exam.

 

Admission in IITs without JEE through Short-Term Courses

Studying in IITs for a short-term duration for the certificate courses gives an edge to your career. It is one of the best way to experience how it feels like studying in IITs.

Most of the eligible candidates are unaware about the short term courses offered by various IITs.

Here is a list of some of the popular certificate courses. These courses are related to cyber security, digital marketing, internet programming, civil engineering, space flight mechanics & various other courses.

IITs	Course Name
IIT Delhi	Business Management, Digital Marketing, Econometrics for Business Decisions.
IIT Bombay	Cyber Security, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Space Flight Mechanics and more.
IIT Ropar	Internet Programming with Java
IIT Gandhinagar	Applied Digital Signal Processing, Transport of Sediments, Data Analytics and more.
IIT Bhubaneshwar	Recent Advances in Modeling Tools and Techniques for Urban Travel Demand Forecasting
IIT Kanpur	Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Optimization for 5G Cellular Networks and more.
IIT Kharagpur	QIP, TEQIP and Self-Financing
IIT Madras	NEMS and Nanophotonics, Sensors and Signal Conditioning and more.
IIT Guwahati	Earthquake Risk Management

Hope, this blog provided you enough information regarding admission in IITs without JEE. If you still have doubts/queries, you can comment in the comment section given below.